“Mapping” Smart Cities

ABSTRACT

Smart cities are designed to use data to optimize resources, maintain sustainability, and improve people’s quality of life. While many urban technologies are employed to make cities “smart,” one constellation of technologies has been less examined in the academic literature—digital maps and the spatial data infrastructure. This paper is an attempt to systematically review the functions and evolution of digital maps and the spatial data infrastructure, with examples from Asia and beyond, in supporting and making smart cities possible. Based on the conceptual framework and empirical case studies, four major research directions of smart mapping are identified to better support smart city initiatives.     

营造充满活力的多样化空间形态——以呼和浩特托电工业园综合服务区修建性详细规划为例

在呼和浩特托电工业园综合服务区的规划设计中，通过用地功能的混合和多样化、人性化的道路交通系统、绿化水景的多样化、景观环境的多样化和富有特色的多样化居住形态，从而创造充满活力的多样化的空间形态，以满足人们生活多样化的需求.     

Chemometrics in monitoring spatial and temporal variations in drinking water quality

This case study reports multivariate techniques applied for the evaluation of temporal/spatial variations and interpretation of monitoring data obtained by the determination of chloro/bromo disinfection by-products in drinking water at 12 locations in the Gdańsk area (Poland), over the period 1993-2000. The complex data matrix (1756 observations) was treated with various multivariate techniques. Cluster analysis (CA) was successful, yielding two different groups of similarity reflecting different types of drinking water supplied (surface and groundwater). The locations supplied in general with groundwater could be further classified into two subgroups, depending on whether the groundwater was mixed with surface water or not. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to classify and thus confirm the groups found by means of cluster analysis and proved the existence of statistically significant differences between the concentration levels of CHCl3, CHBrCl2+C2HCl3, CHBr2Cl, and CH2Cl2 in the samples collected. Of all the variables evaluated, only three were characterized by statistically significant correlations (CHCl3, CHBrCl2+C2HCl3, CHBr2Cl). The analysis of correlation coefficients revealed that chloroform formed as the main chlorinated disinfection by-product and, furthermore, the natural presence of bromide in water (both ground and surface) results in the formation of brominated disinfection by-products (DBPs). Temporal variations of volatile organic chlorinated compounds (VOCls) were also evaluated by multidimensional ANOVA. Observation of temporal changes in the concentration of VOCls at the location supplied with both surface and groundwater reveals a steady improvement in drinking water quality. In general, the study shows the importance of drinking water monitoring in connection with simple but powerful statistical tools to better understand spatial and temporal variations in water quality.     

德国国家空间规划的最新进展解析与启示

空间规划是国家政府宏观调控空间发展的重要手段之一。以概述德国空间规划为基础,重点从制定背景、主要内容、发展特征及其未来图景等方面,对2000年以来德国国家空间规划进行解读分析,并提出对我国相关空间规划的有益启示。     

基于SPATIALWARE城市建设综合信息系统的设计与实现

空间数据引擎是实现空间数据库的核心,能有效存储和管理空间数据.本文以MapInfo公司的空间数据引擎SpatialWare为研究对象,对它的主要特点、体系结构和用途进行了阐述,并以城市建设综合信息系统为例,分析了SpatialWare对空间数据的存储与管理过程,解决并实现了GIS属性数据与空间数据的一体化管理.     

Examining spatially varying relationships between land use and water quality using geographically weighted regression I: model design and evaluation

Traditional regression techniques such as ordinary least squares (OLS) can hide important local variations in the model parameters, and are not able to deal with spatial autocorrelations existing in the variables. A recently developed technique, geographically weighted regression (GWR), is used to examine the relationships between land use and water quality in eastern Massachusetts, USA. GWR models make great improvements of model performance over OLS models, which is proved by F-test and comparisons of model R² and corrected Akaike Information Criterion (AIC_c) from both GWR and OLS. GWR models also improve the reliabilities of the relationships by reducing spatial autocorrelations. The application of GWR models finds that the relationships between land use and water quality are not constant over space but show great spatial non-stationarity. GWR models are able to reveal the information previously ignored by OLS models on the local causes of water pollution, and so improve the model ability to explain local situation of water quality. The results of this study suggest that GWR technique has the potential to serve as a useful tool for environmental research and management at watershed, regional, national and even global scales.     

Expansion of the US wildland–urban interface

For at least two decades, expansion of low-density residential development at the wildland–urban interface has been widely recognized as a primary factor influencing the management of US national forests. We estimate the location, extent, and trends in expansion of the wildland–urban interface (WUI) in the continental United States. We mapped the WUI by determining the intersection of housing density classes computed from refined US Census data with a map of wildfire hazards based on broad forest types using definitions of WUI from the Federal Register. Our methods allowed us to provide a more spatially precise estimation of the WUI that better reflects development patterns of interest to forest land managers. We defined three wildfire hazard classes based on vegetation type. “High” severity applies to vegetation types in which stand-replacing fires dominate both historical and recent fire regimes, e.g., lodgepole pine forest. “Low” severity applies where fuels and climate foster mostly low-intensity fires, e.g., aspen-birch forest. “High (historically low or variable)” applies to vegetation types in which fires historically were of low or variable intensity, but recently have often burned at high intensity because of a century of fire exclusion, e.g., southwestern ponderosa pine forest. In 2000, the WUI that includes a 3.2 km community protection zone occupied 465,614 km², and contained over 12.5 million housing units. This is an expansion of over 52% from 1970, and by 2030 the WUI is likely to expand to at least 513,670 km² with the greatest expansion occurring in the intermountain west states. Roughly 89% of the WUI is privately owned land and about 65% of the WUI occurs in high or high (historically low or variable) severity fire regime classes.     

临时性到常备化:突发公共卫生事件下救治设施空间规划供给研究

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情对人类健康安全、经济发展和社会稳定造成了巨大的威胁。为应对疫情,我国很多城市建设了临时性的应急救治设施。文章从广西龙潭医院临时全负压病区建设面临的问题出发,分析了空间规划供给不足导致城市在应对突发公共卫生事件中的被动性,认为临时应急救治设施应当向常备化转变。从空间规划内容的角度,提出将突发公共卫生事件的救治设施分为永久专用救治设施、临时专用救治设施和临时借用救治设施3类,实现多元设施的复合式常备化供给;要以区域观来构建不同层级的区域防疫救治设施联动体系;提出要将突发公共卫生事件救治设施纳入空间规划体系,并在省级、市级、县级国土空间规划、控制性详细规划中进行有效传导与落实。     

基于空间句法的城市空间结构分析——以杭州市滨江区为例

随着我国城市化进程的加快,以及城市发展的日趋多中心化,城市建设开始大规模的新区造城运动。然而城市规划的实施需要一个长期的过程,实施结果是否符合规划意图、是否达到规划目标、是否满足使用要求等诸多方面,长期以来一直缺乏一个科学有效的分析与评价方法,特别是相对客观的和较为理性的方法。本文试图借助空间句法原理与方法作为研究工具,选取新晋成长起来的城市副中心——杭州市滨江区为样本,探讨城市空间结构中潜在的规律性以及自发呈现的功能布局,藉此为城市总体规划的修改与完善提供一种理性的评判方法和客观的依据。     

江南传统水乡村落更新改造的设计手法初探--以文昌村村庄整治规划设计为例

城市化发展及新农村建设对江南传统水乡村落的更新改造产生了严重的冲击,越来越多富有特色的村落在现代化发展中失去它们的历史底蕴与建筑地域文化。本文以文昌村村庄整治规划设计为例,在对该村落历史文化深度挖掘的基础上,利用高铁站“三个圈层”理论确定其功能结构规划及土地利用规划;从自然格局、空间形态、建筑特色等方面探讨保护并重塑村落特色空间的设计手法,为村落改造项目如何合理处理发展与保护的关系提供借鉴。